Don't Buy Into These "Trends" Concerning Evolution Korea
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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is searching for an alternative development model. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced iron tools and bronze. They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were members of the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes required them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and constructed from single large stones are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla, click here with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the enormous cost of the old system advocate a thorough program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand supporters of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was primarily focused on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event was attended by an audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it reported on its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of films and slides from ICR, as well as several books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that offer talks and seminars to children and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and immigrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.